ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between COVID-19 related variables and hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPI) incidence. DATA SOURCES: The authors searched four databases: Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL. The literature search contained key terms such as COVID-19, hospital-acquired pressure injuries, pressure ulcer, pressure injury, decubitus ulcer, and hospitalization. STUDY SELECTION: The systematic search of the literature identified 489 publications that matched the inclusion criteria. This included peer-reviewed publications that reported HAPI incidence for patients who were hospitalized and COVID-19 positive. Two reviewers performed the screen simultaneously and 19 publications were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers followed a standardized extraction form that included study and patient characteristics, COVID-19 status, HAPI characteristics, prone positioning, length of hospitalization, and HAPI prevention and treatment strategies. DATA SYNTHESIS: A narrative synthesis of the extracted data was carried out because the data obtained were too heterogeneous for meta-analysis. The primary outcome was HAPI incidence. CONCLUSIONS: This review identified that HAPI incidence was high among men who were COVID-19 positive, had longer hospital stays, experienced prone positioning, and had care teams without a skin and wound care expert. Future research should employ more robust methodology and focus on quantitative modeling to iteratively improve in-patient HAPI guidelines.
ABSTRACT
The present study examined the impact of the first three waves of the Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of Hungarian pharmacists and the way of communication with each other, patients, and physicians. Our online survey was conducted during the spring of 2021, after the 3rd wave of the epidemic (N = 300). In addition to pharmacist communication, our research also measured perceived stress and burnout. The vast majority of respondents reported their workload to be increased compared to the pre-epidemic period. Patients became more open to counseling, their need for conversation increased, and their problems often exceeded their pharmacist competence. The number of aggressive patients increased in the pharmacies. The level of perceived stress was high in the sample, and an increased risk of burnout has been identified. Pharmacists working for a longer time in this profession tended to be less stressed by the challenges during the epidemic. The more common aggressive behavior among patients, and the higher level of perceived stress were strongly correlated. The COVID 19 epidemic has placed a significant mental burden and communication challenge on pharmacists. In addition to professional support, it would be especially necessary to provide psychological counseling for free. © 2022 Literatura Medica Publishing House. All rights reserved.